[The problem of formation of new risks of medicinal resistance of patients with tuberculosis in condition of active use of antibiotics by population under COVID-19].

In pandemic conditions, situation of active and uncontrolled use by population of antimicrobial preparations treating COVID-19 occurs. So, new risks of development of medication resistance among patients with various infectious diseases, tuberculosis included, appear. The purpose of the study is to characterize prevalence of antimicrobial preparations use by population in relationship with development of medication resistance in patients with tuberculosis during COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods. The analysis of sales of antimicrobial medicines was implemented on the basis of published official data from the joint-stock company DSM Group presenting monthly audit of the Russian pharmaceutical market. The determination of primary antibiotic resistance was carried out in 2018-2020 on 3312 patients with tuberculosis. The modified method of proportions on liquid nutrient medium in system with automated accounting of microorganisms growth, the method of absolute concentrations and the method of polymerase chain reaction with real-time detection were applied. The results of the study. It was established that the most demanding antimicrobial medications among population were ceftriaxone, azithromycin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, azithromycin. At the same time, the maximum increase in sales in 2020 up to 150% as compared with of 2019 was determined in medications derived from quinolone moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, which began to be used in treatment of coronavirus infection. At the same time, these medications are traditionally used in tuberculosis treatment. But in 2020, alarming trend was established that limits treatment of tuberculosis patients. The primary resistance of mycobacteria was also established in newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients, also for the same antimicrobial medications of quinolone derivatives, and increasing in proportion of patients with primary medication resistance to levofloxacin, moxifloxacin in 2020 as compared to 2018 was 189-480%. At the same time, increasing of resistance to other antibiotics made up to 60.8% on average. Conclusion. The study results imply alarming scenario of medication resistance shifts towards very virulent and highly medication-resistant genotypes. This trend can result in conditions of successful transmission of deadly medication-resistant mutants that can seriously undermine effectiveness of implemented programs of struggle with tuberculosis worldwide.

Impact on Pharmaceutical Industry due to Sudden Pandemic Attack (COVID-19)

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first detected in Wuhan, China, in the month of December 2019. Further, in March 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic was described by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a global pandemic. COVID-19 quickly spread around the world in the following months, affecting about 2.5 million individuals by April 2020. World markets, including the pharmaceutical industry, were devastated by this pandemic. Although no specific solution for this emerging infectious disease is currently available, the pharmaceutical industry is helping policymakers meet unmet COVID-19 desires, ranging from research and advancement initiatives on possible prevention methods to the management of the supply chain of drugs in times of crisis. Changes in demand, commodity shortages, contact adjustments, etc., are hindering developments in the mechanism of technology, research and development and are putting an impact on the health market of COVID-19. Other implications of COVID-19 on the physical condition and pharmaceutical market may include acceptance delays, heading to self-sufficiency in the delivery chain, etc. In addition, the pharmaceutical markets are battling to sustain natural consumer flows, as the latest pandemic has had an effect on access to essential drugs at reasonable rates, which is the key priori-ty of all pharmaceutical systems.Copyright © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.

Hungary in the Global Pharmaceutical Market: Cooperation Trends with Russia

The pharmaceutical industry is a strategically important area of the global economy. It is one of the most innovative and dynamically developing sectors. In addition, this industry can be considered highly profitable, its role has especially increased due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The crisis has affected all sectors of the economy, with the pharmaceutical industry being one of the least affected. In 2020, global exports of pharmaceuticals increased by 9.5% compared to 2019, reaching 704 billion USD in 2020. This publication discusses the position of Hungary in the global pharmaceutical market with the focus on the trade relations with Russia. For the Hungarian economy, the pharmaceutical industry is one of the traditional and most innovative sectors. Thus, Hungary is an attractive country for the development and expansion of Russia's trade relations in the global pharmaceutical market. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Healthcare Systems across Europe and the US: The Managed Entry Agreements Experience.

This systematic study aims at analyzing the differences between the approach of the European healthcare systems to the pharmaceutical market and the American one. This paper highlights the opportunities and the limitations given by the application of managed entry agreements (MEAs) in European countries as opposed to the American market, which does not regulate pharmaceutical prices. Data were collected from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Medicines Agency, and the national healthcare agencies of US and European countries. A literature review was undertaken in PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Google for a period ten years (2010-2019). The period 2020-2021 was considered to compare health expenditure before and after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Scarce information from national agencies has been given in terms of MEAs related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The comparison between the United States approach and the European one shows the importance of a market access regulation to reduce the cost of therapies, increasing the efficiency of national healthcare systems and the advantages in terms of quality and accessibility to the final users: patients. Nevertheless, it seems that the golden age of MEAs for Europe was during the examined period. Except for Italy, countries will move to other forms of reimbursements to obtain higher benefits, reducing the costs of an inefficient implementation and outcomes in the medium term.

Teaching experience: Inequalities in prices of drugs to fight against COVID-19

As the Sars-CoV2 pandemic continues to grow, researchers around the world are urgently seeking new treatments to prevent infection, cure those infected, or lessen the severity of the disease. Although there are several recently approved vaccines, clinical trials are underway to "re-use" drugs normally indicated for other diseases. This teaching experience studies the market for 8 pharmaceutical products used to fight the pandemic (remdesivir, favipiravir, lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, sofosbuvir, pyrfenidone and tocilizumab) in 13 countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, France, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, South Africa, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States). Through the analysis of prices and costs, we reflect on the difficulty of access to treatment according to the country.The objective is to deepen knowledge of the pharmaceutical market: (i) to demonstrate in a tangible way the differences between production costs and final prices of medicines, (ii) to perceive the difficulty of access to certain treatments depending on the country, (iii) to reflect on what initiatives should be implemented in an international emergency context such as the one we are experiencing.

Pharmaceutical Market in Economic Terms: Individual Analytical Moments

The economic aspects of the pharmaceutical market are an important area of research that allows us to determine the level of sales of certain drugs, the dynamics of their sales, and ultimately, the demand for a particular group of drugs on the market. In the light of a sufficiently urgent problem -the spread of seasonal colds and viral diseases, as well as the still fairly high incidence of coronavirus infection both in Russia and around the world, we conducted an ABC-analysis of antiviral drugs in one of the pharmaceutical networks of the city of Belgorod (Russia). The purpose of this analysis is to determine the need to introduce into the range of pharmacies or exclude from it a particular group of antiviral drugs in order to form the range of antiviral drugs most in demand by consumers and, as a result, to increase the efficiency of the pharmacy network.

New-normal Market Entry Mode for Pharmaceuticals: an Internet of Things (IoT) market entry framework stemming from COVID-19

Purpose: This paper aims to determine new-normal uncertainty considerations stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic to consider within transaction-cost analysis for pharmaceuticals. It also aims to propose new-normal market entry strategies to address the uncertainty as a result of COVID-19's implications and provide for lack of knowledge and information in an uncertain business environment by way of Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem for pharmaceutical market entry. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, we focus on the uncertainty facet within transaction-cost analysis consideration and utilise a descriptive three-case study approach taking in Johnson and Johnson (J&J), GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and Novartis to present an ADO (Antecedent-Decisions-Outcomes) understanding of their usual market entry approach, the approach undertaken during the pandemic and the outcomes thereafter facilitating new-normal uncertainty considerations to factor in. Further with this insight, we develop a conceptual framework addressing the transaction-cost analysis implications of uncertainties toward lack of knowledge and information for a new-normal market entry approach and operating strategy for pharmaceuticals applicable due to IoT (Internet of Things). Findings: Uncertainty (external and internal) is different now in the new-normal business environment for pharmaceuticals and boils down to acute shortage of knowledge and information impact to make an appropriately informed decision. Therefore, considering the changed factors to consider, pharmaceuticals need to be able to undertake market entry with vaccines and medicines by way of IoT thereby enabling, the filling of the gap via real-time data access and sharing, including enhancing predictive analysis for sustenance. Research limitations/implications: The paper's findings have many theoretical implications highlighted in the manuscript. Practical implications: The paper's findings have many practical implications highlighted in the manuscript. Originality/value: This is the first study to our knowledge that throws light on transaction-cost analysis theory's uncertainty facet for pharmaceuticals. It is also the first study that provides a new-normal market entry strategy for pharmaceutical companies built on interoperability of real-time IoT. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Pulse oximeters market analysis during the COVID-19 pandemic: Kyiv pharmacies' offers and survey of pharmacy faculty students

Objectives The objective of this study was to study the market of pulse oximeters to select the optimal choice for monitoring health status during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Pulse oximeter data, presented on the Tabletki.ua website (2021) in Kyiv (Ukraine), were summarized and discussed. A survey about the history of the device purchase among 170 students of the Faculty of Pharmacy (Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Ukraine) was statistically analysed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Levene's, Scheffe tests, one-sample t-test, Spearman's correlation and one-way ANOVA. Key findings The largest part of the Kyiv (Ukraine) pulse oximeter market is occupied by the People's Republic of China (70.97%). The price ranged from UAH 171.50 to UAH 1799.00. The models S6 and Linke LK88 are found to be the best choices according to the fullest provided data, the lowest minimum price and emphasis on the oxygen saturation and pulse rate accuracies. Medical students statistically significant would buy a pulse oximeter for less than UAH 563.40 (t(76) = -2.884;P = 0.005). The price did not depend on age (F = 1.104, P = 0.372) or gender (F = 2.466, P = 0.121), but there was a correlation between price and year of purchase (F = 2.712, P = 0.051). Students are primarily interested in country of origin, guarantees and pharmacist recommendations. A significantly weak Spearman's correlation was found between price and friend advice (rho = 0.275, Sig. = 0.015). Conclusions The same models differ in price by up to 4.2 times and in between them - up to 10. Less than half of the responders bought devices, and even a quarter of them did not use them at all, although they were from a health field. The detailed notifications about accuracy for different patient skin types are required in the device description. More people should be aware of pulse oximeter importance to maintaining health after COVID-19.

Clinical translation of nanomedicines: Challenges, opportunities, and keys.

Despite the massive interest and recent developments in the field of nanomedicine, only a limited number of formulations have found their way to the clinics. This shortcoming reveals the challenges facing the clinical translation of this technology. In the current article, we summarize and evaluate the status, market situation, and clinical profiles of the reported nanomedicines, the shortcomings limiting their clinical translation, as well as some approaches designed to break through this barrier. Moreover, some emerging technologies that have the potential to compete with nanomedicines are highlighted. Lastly, we identify the key factors that should be considered in nanomedicine-related research to be clinically-translatable. These can be classified into five areas: rational design during the research and development stage, the recruitment of representative preclinical models, careful design of clinical trials, development of specific and uniform regulatory protocols, and calls for non-classic sponsorship. This new field of endeavor was firmly established during the last two decades and more in-depth progress is expected in the coming years.

Short and long term impacts of COVID-19 on the pharmaceutical sector.

BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was characterized as a global pandemic by the WHO on March 11th, 2020. This pandemic had major effects on the health market, the pharmaceutical sector, and was associated with considerable impacts; which may appear in short and long-term time-horizon and need identification and appropriate planning to reduce their socio-economic burden. OBJECTIVES: Current short communication study assessed pharmaceutical market crisis during the COVID-19 era; discussing short- and long-term impacts of the pandemic on the pharmaceutical sector. RESULTS: Short-term impacts of COVID-19 pandemic includes demand changes, regulation revisions, research and development process changes and the shift towards tele-communication and tele-medicine. In addition, industry growth slow-down, approval delays, moving towards self-sufficiency in pharm-production supply chain and trend changes in consumption of health-market products along with ethical dilemma could be anticipated as long-term impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on pharmaceutical sector in both global and local levels. CONCLUSION: The pandemic of COVID-19 poses considerable crisis on the health markets, including the pharmaceutical sector; and identification of these effects, may guide policy-makers towards more evidence-informed planning to overcome accompanying challenges. Graphical abstract .